According to UNESCO data, the number of elementary students dropped from 4 million in 2005 to 2.7 million in 2015, while the number of upper-secondary students recently decreased from close to 2 million in 2009 to 1.8 million in 2015. Completion of the program requires at least 24 credits of course work, a thesis, and a grade point average of B (3.0) or better. Under the new guidelines, applicants no longer have to reveal the name of their university or GPAs on their application, nor provide personal information about age, weight, or family background, or submit a head shot. The aging of the population has since eased pressures somewhat and led to significantly lower numbers of children enrolling in the school system—leading to other problems, discussed below. Student surveys have shown that poor grades and fears of failure are major reasons for suicidal thoughts, while Korea simultaneously has a growing teenage drinking problem. Various initiatives, from the “Brain Pool” and “Brain Korea 21” programs of the 1990s to the current Industry-University Cooperation project, have therefore been dedicated to boosting the research output and international competitiveness of Korean universities. Following the scandal, leftist President Moon Jae-in won a landslide election victory in May 2017 running on an anti-corruption platform that included promises to reform the education system and reduce youth unemployment. Korea’s HEIs have historically been tightly regulated by the government, even though restrictions on universities have been eased significantly since the mid-1990s, and the MOE currently seeks to further increase the autonomy of HEIs. Some universities, like the Pohang University of Science and Technology, now teach more than 90 percent of their courses in English. In addition, the government promotes policies similar to affirmative action by requiring mandatory special admissions quotas for students from rural regions. [3] See: Ministry of Education: Globalization of Korean Education – Education in Korea, 2017, Sejong, pp. All students in general academic high schools study a common core curriculum in grade 10, which features largely the same subjects as the middle school curriculum. Most four-year bachelor’s programs require at least 130 credits for graduation, even though 140-credit programs also exist. 67% more than South Korea 3 Ranked 195th. In 2017, the MOE already shuttered eight “unviable” universities. As in the U.S., curricula include core and elective general education subjects, predominantly taken within the first two years, and mandatory and elective subjects in the major. The CSAT scores are a key admission criterion at many universities; near-perfect CSAT scores are a baseline admission threshold at top institutions like the SKY universities. This demographic shift has caused the closure of thousands of schools throughout Korea, almost 90 percent of them located in rural regions, which are increasingly being bled out by a rapid out-migration to the cities. Westport, CT: Praeger. Per UNESCO, public education spending as a share of GDP grew from 4.86 percent in 2011 to 5.25 percent in 2015. Current policy initiatives focus on decreasing competition in university admissions, thereby making access to education and employment more socially equitable, and reducing the influence of prestigious universities, notably the country’s top three institutions: Seoul National University, Korea University, and Yonsei University, collectively referred to as “SKY universities.” Since admissions tests at top universities are so demanding that they can only be passed with the help of extensive private tutoring, the government in 2017 ordered several universities to ease their admission tests—a move intended to curb private tutoring and improve the chances of students from low-income households, who are unable to afford expensive prep schools. Autonomous schools are very expensive and elitist, admitting only the highest scoring students, and therefore seen as exacerbating social inequalities. However, 51 percent of students were still enrolled at the undergraduate level, compared with 28 percent at the graduate level and 21 percent in Optional Practical Training and non-degree programs. France, Malaysia, New Zealand, China, and Italy are other top destination countries for Koreans. The country’s fertility rates are in rapid decline, and its college-age population is shrinking. In 2004, there were about 5,700…. In 2018, the number of international students enrolled in degree and non-degree programs reached a record high of 142,205, after growing by 70 percent over 2014. Korean students are also eligible for government loans. Both public and private HEIs, in particular, are heavily dependent on tuition fees, which average USD$8.500 per annum and range anywhere from USD$1,500 to USD$20,000 per semester, depending on the program and institution. As in the U.S., programs may be structured as integrated programs entered on the basis of a bachelor’s degree with students earning a master’s degree en route, or as stand-alone programs that do not include a master’s degree. Korea is currently the largest sending country of international students to China, as per Project Atlas. Korea also has a top-quality school system when measured by student performance in standardized tests: The country consistently ranks among the best-performing countries in the OECD’s Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). In another sign of competition at any cost, private household debt in Korea is soaring, driven in part by surging expenditures on education and private tutoring. Curricula typically include a general education component of about 30 percent in addition to major-specific subjects, with an increasing emphasis on internships. Graduation from undergraduate programs usually requires an overall grade point average of at least 70 or C (2.00). It is important to mention that South Korea education system was ranked top by PISA. Korea’s economic slowdown has been accompanied by rising household debt, which hit a record high in 2017, fueled by soaring housing costs, high interest rates, and growing expenditures on education, including private tutoring. We do not implement these annoying types of ads! Students must also demonstrate proficiency in two foreign languages and maintain a GPA of 3.0 or better. To promote quality in higher education and establish criteria for the inevitable downsizing and closure of HEIs, the government of former President Park Geun-hye also introduced a new evaluation system for HEIs that ranked universities in five different categories, from excellent to very poor (A to E). In the decades leading up to the 2011 peak, the number of Korean youths completing upper-secondary school surged, drastically increasing the pool of potential international students, while simultaneously exacerbating supply shortages that made access to quality university education increasingly difficult and competitive. Public spending as a % of GDP (2008-2010*) allocated to: education. Elementary education is provided free of charge at public schools and is six years in duration. They criticize that the growing diversity on Korean campuses is “just for show … that Korean universities primarily attract foreign students as a means to clear ends. The test is mostly in multiple-choice format; the final CSAT report lists the scores as well as percentile rankings in all subjects except for English and Korean history. Education is a serious matter for South Korea. The government also plans to reduce university admissions fees, and decongest school curricula and make them more flexible by introducing more elective subjects. Programs in standard academic disciplines are four years in length (at least 130 credits), while bachelor’s programs in professional disciplines like architecture, pharmacy, or medicine take five or six years to complete (see also the section on medical and dental education below). Observers, thus, have described Korean society as having an “almost cult-like devotion to learning,” with students being “test-aholics” steered by “tutor-aholic” parents. This compares to three Chinese, two Japanese and two Singaporean universities among the top 100. It replaces an earlier version by Hanna Park and Nick Clark. Today, many villages look like ghost towns, with … once-bustling schools standing in weedy ruins ….” However, despite this demographic shift, Korea in 2015 still had some of the largest lower-secondary class sizes in the OECD, as well as an above-average teacher-to-student ratio in upper-secondary education—circumstances that are likely due to rapidly growing enrollments in urban areas. With respect to overseas education, such considerations are likely influenced by the fact that some Korean employers are reluctant to hire graduates of foreign schools. English language teaching is generally highly prioritized in Korea, since it’s the language of international business and science, and English competency is highly important for employment prospects, university admissions, and social status. The number of Koreans enrolled in degree programs abroad peaked at 128,994 in 2011, after doubling from 64,943 in 1997, according to data provided by the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS). After rapidly increasing by 419 percent between 1980 and 2000, the total number of tertiary enrollments in Korea, likewise, has recently decreased from 3.7 million in 2013 to 3.4 million in 2017, as per the Korean Educational Statistics Service (KESS). These curricula are developed in coordination with local companies and incorporate industrial internships; teaching faculty may include industry experts. This sudden expansion overburdened the system and resulted in overcrowded classrooms and teacher shortages—problems that caused the Korean government to begin levying a dedicated education tax in 1982 in order to generate revenues for accommodating growing demand. Standard degrees awarded include the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science, but there is a multitude of credential names, such as the Bachelor of Economics, Bachelor of Information Science, or Bachelor of Statistics, etc. It faces North Korea across a demilitarized zone 2.5 miles (4 km) wide that was established by the terms of the 1953 armistice that ended fighting in the Korean War. Educational attainment in contemporary Korea is of paramount social importance and strongly correlated with social mobility, income levels, and positions of power. Source tables; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics; CIA World Factbooks 18 December 2003 to 28 March 2011; UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Having foreign branch campuses in Korea means that Koreans can now earn a foreign degree without leaving the country. Some 54 percent of primary school teachers were male. The capital is Seoul. In the 1950s, elementary education was made compulsory for all children, which led to the universalization of elementary education by the 1960s. That said, local autonomy is limited and overall education policies are set at the national level, while higher education remains under the auspices of the national MOE. In fact, it’s hard to find another country in the world that places greater emphasis on education than South Korea. Korea’s junior colleges, polytechnics, industrial universities, and some other universities offer two- or three-year vocationally oriented post-secondary programs leading to associate degrees in fields like engineering, business administration, health care, fashion design, social work, secretarial studies, or agriculture. Korea’s Confucian-influenced system has also been criticized for relying too much on rote memorization and university entrance prep at the expense of creativity and independent thought. Most Korean students study at the undergraduate level. Free public full-day programs are currently being planned as well. Most students choose their electives based on their intended field of study in university. Secondary school teachers have a greater variety of study options and can study at departments of education at regular universities where programs also require a thesis. Further declines are likely. World Population Prospects, (2) United Nations Statistical Division. That said, as of this writing no concrete steps have yet been taken to form this new committee. The growing unpopularity of the U.S. in the Trump era, and opportunities to participate in research collaborations and scholarship programs, may also have played a role. Attracting more international students is considered necessary to compensate for declines in domestic enrollments and to strengthen the international competitiveness of Korea’s education system. Ranking is tied to government funding: Top-performing HEIs are designated as “autonomously competent” institutions and rewarded with higher funding levels.[4]. As we noted in another article, the Philippines in particular has become a popular “budget ELT destination” for Koreans “that is easily reachable via short direct flights and affords students the opportunity to combine ELT with beachside vacations.” The Philippines’ ambassador to the U.S. stated in 2015 that “there are more and more Koreans … studying English in the Philippines…. As of 2018, 170 universities had obtained accreditation from KUAI. The goal is to reduce competition between institutions and equalize the chances of graduates in Korea’s cutthroat labor market, which is heavily skewed toward graduates of Seoul’s top universities. SRI (Statistics Research Institute) Related Sites 닫기 Government Complex-Daejeon, 189 Cheongsa-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35208, Republic of Korea TEL +82-2-2012-9114 Some subjects can be taken at two different levels of difficulty. Depending on their desired academic majors, students choose nine examination subjects from the fields of Korean language, mathematics, English, “investigation” (that is, social studies, science, or vocational education), and a second foreign language or Chinese characters (Hanja) and literary classics. In the 2015 PISA assessments, South Korea ranked seventh in reading and mathematics and eleventh in science, consistent with its performance near the top of the charts since the first PISA … The academic calendar at universities is typically divided into two four-month semesters with a two-month break between each semester. We don't have any banner, Flash, animation, obnoxious sound, or popup ad. SNU and Sungkyunkwan University are the highest ranked Korean institutions. By 2060, more than 40 percent of the Korean population is expected to be over 65, and the country’s population is projected to shrink by 13 percent to 42.3 million in 2050. Two-year master’s programs usually require at least 24 credits plus a thesis for graduation, but some programs have higher credit requirements. According to the Open Doors data of the Institute of International Education (IIE), Korean enrollments declined by almost 22 percent since the 2008/09 academic year and stood at 58,663 in 2016/17. Seoul—Korea’s capital and main metropolis with nearly 10 million inhabitants—is said to have the highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita after Tokyo, New York, and Los Angeles. In response to sharp criticism of the ranking, the Moon administration has made some changes to the evaluation process, but in 2018 ordered further cuts in university seats, which are slated to be reduced by an additional 120,000 seats by 2023. ODA inflow in millions US$ 2010 – ODA inflow as a % of recipient GNI 2010 – Debt service as a % of exports of goods and services 2010 – Share of household income (%, 2007-2011*), poorest 40% – Public schools and private schoolshave both been present. 2.9. Enrollment figures for 1987 on the primaryschool level were 4,771,722 pupils in 6,531 schools, with 130,142 teachers. There are two Korean universities ranked among the top 100 in the current 2019 Times Higher Education World University Rankings – the flagship Seoul National University – SNU (ranked at 63rd place) and Sungkyunkwan University, a private institution said to be East Asia’s oldest university, at position 82. Even though only 4 percent of high school students were enrolled in Meister schools as of 2013, these well-funded schools have raised the public’s awareness of vocational high schools in Korea and made them more attractive, especially since the partnering government agencies and companies—which include chaebols like LG Electronics—typically guarantee employment for graduates. The curriculum is standa… In 1987 there were approximately 4,895,354 students enrolled in middle schools and high schools, with approxi… In August 2018, the Korean government announced that more than 50 HEIs will face cuts of up to 35 percent in their student intake in 2019. Most programs are two years in length (75 to 80 credits), but three-year programs (120 credits or more) also exist in fields like nursing, rehabilitation therapy, early childhood education, interior design, or broadcasting. It does not include students on shorter study abroad exchanges, or those enrolled at the secondary level or in short-term language training programs, for instance. As Korean researchers have noted, there is not enough intercultural exchange between domestic and international students in Korea’s sometimes exclusivist culture. Pupils study a set national curriculum that is updated every 10 years; the latest revision was adopted in 2015. The following year, it tripled to about 17,000, in 2012 it was about 24,000.” Meanwhile, in the U.S., Korean ELT enrollments have dropped by 17 percent since 2015. Graduates of Korea’s top three universities dominate the country and occupy the majority of high-ranking government posts and management positions in Korea’s powerful business conglomerates (chaebols). The curriculum is divided into a general education component of about 32 percent. However, despite strong advances in modernization and internationalization, the Korean education system is still somewhat insular and its HEIs continue to trail other Asian countries like China, Japan and India in terms of international journal citations and other ranking criteria like employer reputation. To earn a self-study degree, students must pass a qualifying examination conducted by the government for each year of study. Compulsary education duration: 11 Ranked 28th. ), Beyond merging and closing institutions amid demographic decline, the Korean government currently seeks to strengthen industrial-academic cooperation and restructure several universities into smaller, more specialized, and more research-oriented institutions that have greater autonomy in order to create world-class institutions that concentrate on graduate education. Korea is the 10th largest country of origin of recent immigrants in Canada; 6.5 percent of Korean international students in Canada transitioned to permanent residency in 2015 (the fourth largest group after Chinese, Filipinos, and Indians). Several Korean HEIs admit students based on a combination of high school records and the CSAT. South Korea performance in education in the last four years has been masterful in execution. In 1945, Korea had an estimated adult literacy rate of only 22 percent. In addition, unemployment among university graduates is not only high, it exceeds unemployment rates among graduates of vocational high schools, leaving many families doubting if an expensive university degree is still worth it, according to MGI. 5. Academic transcripts commonly feature grading scale legends, as well as an explanation of the credit system. (Note that Project Atlas data, like other data cited below, are not directly comparable to UIS data, since they are based a different method for counting international students).[2]. The Economist Intelligence Unit, meanwhile, recently ranked Korea 12th out of 35 countries in its “Worldwide Educating for the Future Index,” tied with the United States. SOURCES: South Korea faces the challenge of an aging population. Click here for a PDF file of the academic documents referred to below. Traditionally, Korean schools have been segregated by sex—coeducational schools did not begin to emerge until the 1980s. Other recent reforms include the adoption of “blind hiring” procedures in the public sector—a practice the government wants to extend to the private sector as well. Despite the growing attractiveness of China, English remains the most coveted foreign language for Koreans, and Korea is one of the largest markets for English language training (ELT) worldwide. According to data provided by the Korean MOE, the number of high schools in Korea alone increased from 640 in 1960 to 2,218 in 2007, while the number of students enrolled in these schools jumped from 273,434 in 1960 to 2.3 million in 1990. (Link). Trends in Korean outbound mobility are driven by a number of influences, including economic factors, increased participation rates and demand-supply gaps in higher education, demographic trends, and the rising demand for English language education. To ensure quality standards, further in-service training programs are provided on a continual basis, performance in which is tied to promotion and pay rates. While that is pretty high for a developed economy, government spending per tertiary student still remains below OECD average. The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) noted in a 2013 study that more than 50 percent of middle class households were “cashflow-constrained” and that Korea now has the lowest private savings rate in the OECD. According to Statistics Korea (2012), 84.2% of all foreigners in South Korea have the intention to remain in the country. In 2012, South Korea offered free half-day kindergartens for children of ages 3-5. Most of these admissions are through “early admissions,” for which candidates apply in September before the annual CSAT exams in November. The Korean government sets national curriculum standards. In addition, there are 10 specialized universities of education, two industrial universities, a number of polytechnics, and distance education universities, as well as other providers like “intra-company universities” set up for employees in specific industries. Surveys have shown that students from China and other Asian countries often feel discriminated against and face high hurdles when seeking employment after graduation. Different areas of the country have slightly different systems, including the processes for allocating spots, which might be by lottery (especially in large, densely populated cities), or throug… Moreover, since Korean universities increasingly offer English-taught programs, there is less incentive to study abroad to improve English skills. Public institutions are directly supervised by the MOE and private HEIs operate under similar rules as public institutions. Robust economic growth and rising prosperity simultaneously allowed more people to afford an overseas education. Today, the country has achieved universal adult literacy, estimated to range between 98 and 100 percent, and the tertiary gross enrollment ratio stands at a lofty 93 percent (2015). Ten Korean universities are included among in the current Shanghai (ARWU) Rankings, but none among the top 100. One Korean credit unit usually denotes one contact hour (50 minutes) taken over 15 or 16 weeks, and most courses bear three credit units. We've detected that you are using AdBlock Plus or some other adblocking software which is preventing the page from fully loading. Since the 1960s, enrollment rates in the school system spiked drastically in tandem with rapid industrialization and the achievement of universal elementary education. Since then, the number of degree-seeking Korean international students has decreased by 15.8 percent to an estimated 108,608 students in 2017. USEFUL LINKS “Korean Youth Study Longest Hours in … This is bound to affect cost-benefit calculations, especially since the Korean government is simultaneously undertaking heightened efforts to improve the quality of its higher education institutions (HEIs), while ramping up scholarship funding. 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