Oorspronkelijk: LAAT ME NU TOCH NIET ALLEEN. Old Persian tuxāri-, Khotanese ttahvāra, and Sanskrit tukhāra), and proposed the name "Tocharian" (German Tocharisch). Tocharian A is the easternmost Indo-European language, being spoken in ancient times in city-oases of Central Asia. Language, a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. In later times their ruling elite used a form of Iranian as a written language but what their original language may have been remains uncertain. The apparent self-designation ārśi appears in Tocharian A texts. This is the main category of the Tocharian languages. Tocharian archaisms are not comparable to Anatolian, and it certainly split from a parent language that showed common features with Late PIE dialects: common laryngeal evolution (see § II.2. The Tocharian alphabet also has letters representing all of the remaining Sanskrit sounds, but these appear only in Sanskrit loanwords and are not thought to have had distinct pronunciations in Tocharian. They are now extinct. As suggested by the above discussion, there are a large number of sets of endings. However, Tocharian B has a vowel reflecting long PIE. 2001. In addition to these primary cases, however, each Tocharian language has six cases formed by the addition of an invariant suffix to the oblique case — although the set of six cases is not the same in each language, and the suffixes are largely non-cognate. The Tocharian Subjunctive: A Study in Syntax and Verbal Stem Formation (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics, Band 8) European languages - Der TOP-Favorit Im Folgenden finden Sie als Käufer die absolute Top-Auswahl an European languages, wobei Platz 1 den TOP-Favorit darstellt. Likewise, some of the verb classes show independent origins, e.g. They were part of the distinct Tocharian branch, an own branch of the Indo-European family. However, lexicostatistical and glottochronological approaches suggest the Anatolian languages, including Hittite, might be the closest relatives of Tocharian. Documents from ad 500–700 attest to two: Tocharian A, from the area of Turfan in the east; and Tocharian B, chiefly from the region of Kucha in the west but also from the Turfan area. Home; Books; Search; Support. The discovery of Tocharian contributed to doubts that Proto-Indo-European had originally split into western and eastern branches; today, the centum–satem division is not seen as a real familial division.[42][43]. VII: Athematic with infixed nasal, from PIE infixed nasal verbs. This new data firmly establishes the existence of a Tocharian language in the Lop Nor Basin. Information about Tocharian: Edit family data; Canonical name: Tocharian: Aliases: Tokharian; Family code: ine-toc: Common ancestor: Proto-Tocharian: Parent family: Indo-European; Wikidata: Q37029: Subcategories. The most complex system is the present indicative, consisting of 12 classes, 8 thematic and 4 athematic, with distinct sets of thematic and athematic endings. To the east-north-east, in the Karashahr Basin, were speakers of Tocharian A, centered around Yanqi (Uighur Karashahr, Sanskrit Agni). Updates? The optative and imperfect have related formations. Mood: indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative. Journal of the American Oriental Society 67, 33-53. An Introduction. Smaller collections are in London, Calcutta, St. Petersburg, and Japan, the result of Indo-British, Russian, and Japanese expeditions. The equation of the Twgry language with that of the Tocharoi is based on phonetic similarity. Lane, George Sherman (1947) The Tocharian Puṇyavantajātaka: Text and Translation. The result was a new hypothesis, following the wave model of Johannes Schmidt, suggesting that the satem isogloss represents a linguistic innovation in the central part of the Proto-Indo-European home range, and the centum languages along the eastern and the western peripheries did not undergo that change. The imperative classes tend to share the same suffix as the corresponding preterite (if any), but to have root vocalism that matches the vocalism of a verb's subjunctive. Tocharian B texts use the adjective kuśiññe, derived from kuśi or kuči, a name also known from Chinese and Turkic documents. For example, the sound a did not occur in Proto-Tocharian. "Tocharian." The prefix is often compared with the Slavic perfective prefix po-, although the phonology is difficult to explain. The Tocharian languages were a branch of the Indo-European languages. A common Proto-Tocharian language must precede the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the late 1st millennium BC. [6], The oldest extant manuscripts in Tocharian B are now dated to the 5th or even late 4th century AD, making Tocharian a language of Late Antiquity contemporary with Gothic, Classical Armenian and Primitive Irish. In that sense, Tocharian (to some extent like the Greek and the Anatolian languages) seems to have been an isolate in the "satem" (i.e. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us Class vi is not so much a coherent class as an "irregular" class with all verbs not fitting in other categories. A body of loanwords and names found in Prakrit documents from the Lop Nor basin have been dubbed Tocharian C (Kroränian). Moscow, 1986. Both are adjectives of appurtenance with *-to-. The Tocharians were an fascinating ancient Indo-European people living in western China, modern Xinjiang. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression,…. Most of the attested cases are built up by the addition of postpositions to the oblique (accusative) form. ; Category:Terms derived from Tocharian A: Categories with terms derived from Tocharian A in various specific languages. 5. The branch consists of the two languages Tocharian A and Tocharian B, which were mutually unintelligible. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Tocharian is a syllabic alphabet in which each consonant has an inherent vowel /a/. He argued that it referred to the region on the northeast edge of the Tarim, including Agni and Karakhoja but not Kucha. The first successful attempt at grammatical analysis and translation was made by the German scholars Emil Sieg and Wilhelm Siegling in 1908 in an article that also established the presence of the two languages (sometimes referred to as dialects), provisionally called A and B. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. New Collegiate Dictionary. It soon became clear that these fragments were actually written in two distinct but related languages belonging to a hitherto unknown branch of Indo-European, now known as Tocharian: Prakrit documents from 3rd-century Krorän and Niya on the southeast edge of the Tarim Basin contain loanwords and names that appear to come from a closely related language, referred to as Tocharian C.[1], The discovery of Tocharian upset some theories about the relations of Indo-European languages and revitalized their study. “Baltų-slavų-tocharų leksikos gretybės” [ETYMOLOGICAL PARALLELS IN BALTIC, SLAVIC AND TOCHARIAN IN “NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS"]. They are now extinct. an n. 1. [16][17][18], Nevertheless, it remains the standard term for the language of the Tarim Basin manuscripts. [33] On September 15 and 16, 2019, a group of linguists led by Georges Pinault and Michaël Peyrot met in Leiden to examine Schmidt's transcriptions and the original texts, and concluded they had all been transcribed entirely incorrectly. In addition, four subjunctive classes differ from the corresponding indicative classes, two "special subjunctive" classes with differing suffixes and two "varying subjunctive" classes with root ablaut reflecting the PIE perfect. The endings differ between the two languages: Tocharian A uses present endings for the optative and preterite endings for the imperfect, while Tocharian B uses the same endings for both, which are a combination of preterite and unique endings (the latter used in the singular active). Peyrot (2013a) Peyrot, Michaël (2013) The Tocharian subjunctive, A study in syntax and verbal stem formation. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. Tocharian, also spelled Tokharian (/ t ə ˈ k ɛər i ən / or / t ə ˈ k ɑːr i ən / ；Chinese: 吐火羅語), is an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family, known from manuscripts dating from the 6th to the 8th century AD found in oasis cities on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in northwest China). The theory was undermined in the early 20th century by the discovery of Hittite, a centum language in a relatively eastern location, and Tocharian, which was a centum language despite being the easternmost branch. The Tocharian verb reflects the Indo-European verbal system both in stem formations and in personal endings. Documents date back to AD 500–700. Writing was found from around the 5th century to the 8th century AD. Introduction to Tocharian Ronald I. Kim Adam Mickiewicz University ronald.kim@yahoo.com 1. The language of the Tocharians, a people living in between Europe and India!#Tocharian #History #Linguistics #Language #Reading Writing was found from around the 5th century to the 8th century AD. Tocharian B, however, is found throughout the range and in both religious and secular texts. Lubotsky A.M. (2003), Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian. Sieg and Müller, reading this name as toxrï, connected it with the ethnonym Tócharoi (Ancient Greek: Τόχαροι, Ptolemy VI, 11, 6, 2nd century AD), itself taken from Indo-Iranian (cf. Because Tocharian is written in an alphabet used originally for Sanskrit and its descendants, the transcription of the sounds is directly based on the transcription of the corresponding Sanskrit sounds. As a result, it has been suggested that Tocharian A was a liturgical language, no longer spoken natively, while Tocharian B was the spoken language of the entire area. Tocharian is, at its core, a centum language - just like Indo-European languages in the west - despite its Far Eastern setting. [13] Other vowels are indicated with independent vowel letters or vowel diacritics. Yānqí, Uyg. Latin Catō (genitive Catōnis) literally "the sly one"[citation needed] < catus "sly", Greek Plátōn literally "the broad-shouldered one" < platús "broad".[2]. Variation and change in Tocharian B is a systematic and extensive treatment of linguistic variants attested in this most archaic of the two Tocharian languages, which are known through manuscripts from the first millennium CE found along the Northern Silk Road in Xīnjiāng, China. Douglas Q. Adams, "On the Development of the Tocharian Verbal System". The precise nature of the variants in Tocharian B has been the issue of a long debate. Agni) in the middle, and Turfan (Chin. Thus, Sieg and Siegling’s identification of the Tocharian language family and the classical Tocharoi remains most speculative, though the designation Tocharian seems fixed nonetheless. These are important source materials for information on the social, economic, and political life of Central Asia. Tocharian, or Tokharian, is one of the most obscure branches of the Indo-European languages and was only discovered by chance in archaeological expeditions to Chinese Turkestan in the early 20th century, when discoveries of amazing art treasures and ancient culture along the old silk road sparked great international interest in the area. Tocharian A and Tocharian B have the same set of vowels, but they often do not correspond to each other. (2008). Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Unter Mitarbeit von Georges-Jean Pinault und Werner Winter. 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